Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysi
Geotechnical exploration techniques are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to detect cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques s
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of